Abstract
The Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a contagious acute respiratory infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as a global pandemic in 2020. This disease most spreads and causes some severe cases, even death in the world. The primary purpose of this review discusses the recent article that was published regarding COVID-19 genomic modulation, the mechanism of innate immunity, and the screening of anti-viral drug candidates, for treating COVID-19 patients. This review used the latest paper regarding COVID-19 with 63 journals with high impact factors such as Nature, The Lancet, Cells, International Journal of Biological Sciences, Mol Biol Methods. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, and other international journals indexed by Scopus, Elsevier, and Springer through in vivo and in vitro studies. The genomic of SARS-CoV-2 consist high similarly to coronaviruses family, albeit possessing a different pathway even has higher affinity, due to changing some nitrogen bases are supposed to have a significant effect on its pneumonia. Herein, we report review article an update on the recent literature of the COVID-19 modulation genome, mechanism of innate immunity, and medical literature. Moreover, we report anti-viral drugs that have been developed from synthetic drugs and medicinal compounds from plants. Several studies have been re-analyzed using in vitro, in vivo, and modelling using bioinformatics tools.
There is no Figure or data content available for this article
References
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3. Susilo A, Rumende CM, Pitoyo CW, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 : Tinjauan Literatur Terkini Coronavirus Disease 2019 : Review of Current Literatures. 2020;7(1):45-67. doi: 10.7454/jpdi.v7i1.415
4. Bleibtreu, A., Bertine, M., Bertin, C., Houhou-Fidouh, N., Visseaux B. Focus on Middle East Repiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Med Mal Infect. 2019; 50(3): 243–251. doi: 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.10.004
5. Lin L, Lu L, Cao W, Li T. Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection – a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia. 2020;9 (1): 727–732 doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1746199
6. Cui J. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(March):181-192. doi:10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9
7. Inhibitor P, Hoffmann M, Kleine-weber H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Article SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. 2020:271-280. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
8. Zhou P, Yang X Lou, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270-273. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
9. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-513. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
10. Zhang L, Liu Y. Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China : A systematic review. 2020;(February):479-490. doi:10.1002/jmv.25707
11. Zhang, T., Wu, Q., Zhang, Z. Probable Panglion Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak. Current Biology. 2020; 3:1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022
12. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Articles Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan , China. 2020:497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
13. Coutard B, Valle C, Lamballerie X De, Canard B, Seidah NG, Decroly E. The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade. 2020;(January). doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104742
14. Xiang JZ, Cao DY, Yang YYY. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS- CoV-2 in Wuhan , China. 2020;(February). doi:10.1111/all.14238
15. Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal. 2020;10(2):102-108. doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.001
16. Al-Rabiaah, A., Temsah, M.H., Al-Eyadhy, A.A., et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) associated stress among medical students at a university teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2020; 13(5):687-691. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.01.005
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18. N. Chen, M. Zhou, X. Dong, J. Qu, F. Gong, Y. Han, et al., Epidemiological and
clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan,China: a descriptive study. The Lancet. 2020; 395:507–513. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
19. Rothan, H. S., Byraraeddy. Review article: The epidemiology ant Pathogenesis of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Journal of Autoimmunity. 2020; 109:1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
20. Rabi FA, Al Zoubi MS, Al-Nasser AD, Kasasbeh GA, Salameh DM. Sars-cov-2 and coronavirus disease 2019: What we know so far. Pathogens. 2020;9(3):1-15. doi:10.3390/pathogens9030231
21. Ma X, Ph D, Wang D, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. 2020:727-733. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
22. Lupia T, Scabini S, Pinna SM, Perri G Di, Rosa FG De, Corcione S. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 novel coronavirus ( 2019-nCoV ) outbreak : A new challenge. Integr Med Res. 2020;21:22-27. doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2020.02.021
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24. Fehr AR, Perlman S. Chapter 1 Coronaviruses : An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis. 2015;1282(1). doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7
25. Denis M, Vandeweerd V, Verbeeke R, et al. Information available to support the development of medical countermeasures and interventions against COVID-19. 2020;(May):1-208. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3765226
26. Zhou Y, Fu B, Zheng X, Wang D. Perspective pathogenic T cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storm in severe COVID-19 patients. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa041
27. Yuan, Y., Cao, D., Zhang, Y., Ma, J., Qi, J., Wang, Q., Lu, G., Wu, Y., Yan, J., Shi, Y., Zhang, X., Gao, G.F. Cryo-EM structures of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV spike glycoproteins reveal the dynamic receptor binding domains. Nat. Commun. 2017; 8(1): 1-9. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15092
28. Guo Y-R, Cao Q-D, Hong Z-S, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):1-10. doi:10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
29. Li, H.S., Kuok, D.I.T., Cheung, M.C., et al. Effect of interferon alpha and cyclosporine treatment separately and in combination on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) replication in a human in-vitro and ex-vivo culture model. Antiviral Research. 2018; 155:89-96. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.05.007
30. Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, Huang J, Gan J, Huang X. COVID-19 infection : the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ. 2020:1451-1454. doi:10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3
31. Jin Y, Cai L, Cheng Z, et al. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus ( 2019-nCoV ) infected pneumonia ( standard version ). 2020:1-23. doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6
32. Habibzadeh P, Stoneman EK. The Novel Coronavirus : A Bird ’ s Eye View. The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2020;11:65-71. doi:10.15171/ijoem.2020.1921
33. Walls, A. C., Park, Y.-J., Tortorici, M. A., Wall, A., McGuire, A. T., & Veesler, D. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Cell. 2020; 180: 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058
34. Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X, Li C, He J, Hong Z, et al. Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology. 2020; 158(6): 1831–1833. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055
35. Zou H, He T, Chen X. International Immunopharmacology Tetrandrine inhibits di ff erentiation of proin fl ammatory subsets of T helper cells but spares de novo di ff erentiation of iTreg cells. 2019;69(November 2018):307-312. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.040
36. Müller C, Schulte FW, Lange-Grünweller K, Obermann W, Madhugiri R, Pleschka S, et al. Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of the eIF4A inhibitor silvestrol against corona- and picornaviruses. Antiviral Res. 2017;150:123–129. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.12.010
37. Chen H, Qi S, Shen J. One-Compound-Multi-Target: Combination Prospect of Natural Compounds with Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke. 2017:134-156. doi:10.2174/1570159X14666160620102
38. Al-Ghamdi M, Alghamdi KM, Ghandoora Y, Alzahrani A, Salah F, Alsulami A, et al. Treatment outcomes for patients with Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV) infection at a coronavirus referral center in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:1-7. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1492-4
39. Promphetchara, E., Ketloy, C., Palaga, T. Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines : Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020; 38(1),1-9. doi: 10.12932/AP-200220-0772
40. Fu, Y., Cheng, Y., & Wu, Y. Understanding SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Inflammatory Responses: From Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Tools. Virologica Sinica. 2020; March:1-6. doi: 10.1007/s12250-020-00207-4
41. Gralinski, L. E., Sheahan, T. P., Morrison, T. E., Menachery, V. D., Jensen, K., Leist, S. R., Baric, R. S. Complement activation contributes to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pathogenesis. Mol Bio. 2018; 9(5):1–15. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01753-18
42. Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Graham RL, Menachery VD, Gralinski LE, Case JB, et al. Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses. Sci Transl Med. 2017; 9:1-20. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3653
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44. Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, et al. First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. The New England journal of medicine. 2020; 382:929-936. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001191
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How to Cite This
Tarigan, I. L., & Arum, K. (2020). Modulation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in receptor, innate immunity and drug antiviral candidate. Jurnal Teknologi Laboratorium, 9(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.29238/teknolabjournal.v9i1.214
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