Abstract
COVID-19 is an acute respiratory infection caused by a new type of Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019. COVID-19 then became a pandemic in various countries in early 2020. In this article it contains review that discusses the immune response in humans due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, using the narrative literature review method, a total of 36 articles (6 from Elsevier, 24 from PMC, and 6 from Springer). It is known that the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the manufacture of drugs and vaccines are still under investigation, but in infected patients, innate immune responses in the form of alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells, airway epithelial cells, congenital lymphocytes, and neutrophils work together in the fight against infection. Next comes the adaptive immune response in the form of antibodies (immunoglobulins) which help in fighting infections due to SARS-CoV-2. These immune responses include increasing levels of cytokines, coagulation parameters, C-reactive protein, neutrophils, and decreasing total lymphocytes. It is also known that COVID-19 patients with severe disease often experience higher total antibody, IgM responses, and IgG responses than COVID-19 patients without congenital disease. IgG antibodies are present in the serum, so the serum in COVID-19 patients who have recovered can be used for therapy in COVID-19 patients who have not healed, as long as the drug and vaccine are under investigation.
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References
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2. Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An Interactive Web-Based Dashboard to Track COVID-19 in Real Time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;3099(20):19–20. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1.
3. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(12):1177–1179. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2001737.
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5. WHO. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report - 101.; 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports.
6. KEMENKES. Situasi COVID-19. Indonesia; 2020. Available at: https://www.kemkes.go.id/.
7. Turista DDR, Islamy A, Kharisma VD, Ansori ANM. Distribution of COVID-19 and Phylogenetic Tree Construction of SARS-CoV-2 in Indonesia. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2020;14(suppl 1):1035–1042. doi:10.22207/JPAM.14.SPL1.42.
8. Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R. COVID-19 Infection: Origin, Transmission, and Characteristics of Human Coronaviruses. J Adv Res. 2020;24:91–98. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005.
9. WHO. Pertanyaan dan Jawaban Terkait Coronavirus. who.int/indonesia. 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/indonesia/news/novel-coronavirus/qa-for-public. Accessed April 7, 2020.
10. Burhan E, Isbaniah F, Susanto A, et al. Pneumonia Covid-19: Diagnosis & Penatalaksanaan di Indonesia. 1st ed. Jakartra: Perhimpunan Dokter Paru indonesia; 2020.
11. Xie M, Chen Q. Insight into 2019 Novel Coronavirus - an Updated Intrim Review and Lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Int J Infect Dis. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.071.
12. Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Palaga T. Immune Responses in COVID-19 and Potential Vaccines: Lessons Learned from SARS and MERS epidemic. Asian Pacific J allergy Immunol. 2020. doi:10.12932/AP-200220-0772.
13. Zu ZY, Jiang MD, Xu PP, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Perspective from China. Radiology. 2020. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200490.
14. Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus. J Virol. 2020;94(7):1–9. doi:10.1128/JVI.00127-20.
15. Susilo A, Rumende CM, Pitoyo CW, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 : Tinjauan Literatur Terkini Coronavirus Disease 2019 : Review of Current Literatures. J Penyakit Dalam Indones. 2020;7(1):45–67. doi:10.7454/jpdi.v7i1.415.
16. Zhou P, Yang X Lou, Wang XG, et al. A Pneumonia Outbreak Associated with A New Coronavirus of Probable Bat Origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270–273. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.
17. Lau F, Kuziemsky C. Handbook of eHealth Evaluation: An Evidence-based Approach. 3rd ed. (Kuziemsky C, ed.). Victoria, Canada: University of Victoria; 2016. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK481590/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK481590.pdf.
18. Gabriella M, Cristina S, Concetta R, Francesco R, Annalisa C. SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Response of Human Immune System and Possible Implications for The Rapid Test and Treatment. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;84. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106519.
19. Ansori ANM, Kharisma VD, Muttaqin SS, Antonius Y, Parikesit AA. Genetic Variant of SARS-CoV-2 Isolates in Indonesia: Spike Glycoprotein Gene. 2020;14(suppl 1):971–978. doi:10.22207/JPAM.14.SPL1.35.
20. Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular Immune Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.001.
21. Bosch BJ, Zee R van der, Haan CAM de, Rottier PJM. The Coronavirus Spike Protein Is a Class I Virus Fusion Protein: Structural and Functional Characterization of the Fusion Core Complex. 2003;77(16):8801–8811. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.16.8801–8811.2003.
22. Wang X, Xu W, Hu G, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Infects T Lymphocytes Through its Spike Protein-Mediated Membrane Fusion. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020:2–4. doi:10.1038/s41423-020-0424-9.
23. Ortega JT, Serrano ML, Pujol FH, Rangel HR. Role of Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in The Interaction with The Human ACE2 Receptor: An in Silico Analysis. EXCLI J. 2020;(19):410–417. doi:10.17179/excli2020-1167.
24. Schoeman D, Fielding BC. Coronavirus Envelope Protein: Current Knowledge. Virol J. 2019;16(69):1–22. doi:10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0.
25. Zeng Q, Langereis MA, Van Vliet ALW, Huizinga EG, De Groot RJ. Structure of Coronavirus Hemagglutinin-esterase Offers Insight into Corona and Influenza Virus Evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(26):9065–9069. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800502105.
26. Muriaux D, Darlix JL. Properties and Functions of The Nucleocapsid Protein in Virus Assembly. RNA Biol. 2010;7(6):744–753. doi:10.4161/rna.7.6.14065.
27. Poltronieri P, Sun B, Mallardo M. RNA Viruses: RNA Roles in Pathogenesis, Coreplication and Viral Load. Curr Genomics. 2015;16(5):327–335. doi:10.2174/1389202916666150707160613.
28. Malik YA. Properties of Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2. Malays J Pathol. 2020;42(1):3–11. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32342926/?from_term=single+rna+sars-cov-2&from_pos=3.
29. Huang IC, Bosch BJ, Li F, et al. SARS Coronavirus, but Not Human Coronavirus NL63, Utilizes Cathepsin L to Infect ACE2-Expressing Cells. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(6):3198–3203. doi:10.1074/jbc.M508381200.
30. Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, et al. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Protects from Severe Acute Lung Failure. Nature. 2005;436(7):112–116. doi:10.1038/nature03712.
31. Farmasi UGM. Mengenal Reseptor ACE2, “Pintu Masuk†Virus Covid-19. Fak Farm Univ Gajah Mada. 2020. Available at: https://farmasi.ugm.ac.id/id/mengenal-reseptor-ace2-pintu-masuk-virus-covid-19. Accessed June 14, 2020.
32. Callaway E. The Race for Coronavirus Vaccines: a Graphical Guide. Nature. 2020;580(7805):576–577. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01221-y.
33. Irma L., Syamsudin, Wibawan IW. Ekstrak Propolis sebagai Imunomodulator. J Ilmu Kefarmasian Indones. 2006;4(1):15–18. Available at: http://jifi.farmasi.univpancasila.ac.id/index.php/jifi/article/view/599.
34. Kaye M, Druce J, Tran T, et al. SARS-Associated Coronavirus Replication in Cell Lines. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(1):128–133. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050496.
35. Rohmana Q. Kontrol Genetik Respon Imun. Wordpress.com. 2016. Available at: https://aulyarohmana16.wordpress.com/2016/05/03/kontrol-genetik-respon-imun/. Accessed April 30, 2020.
36. Agustina W. Respon Imun Pada Penderita Asma Selama Kehamilan. J Ilmu Kesehat. 2015;4(1). doi:10.32831/jik.v4i1.75.
37. Fatmah. Respons Imunitas yang Rendah pada Tubuh Manusia Usia Lanjut. Makara Kesehat J UI. 2006;10(1):47–53. doi:10.7454/msk.v10i1.169.
38. Turvey SE, Broide DH. Innate Immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(2):S24–S32. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.016.
39. Stewart J. Innate and Acquired Immunity. Med Microbiol Eighteenth Ed. 2012:109–135. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-4089-4.00024-X.
40. Supatmo Y, Susanto H, Sugiharto. Pengaruh Latihan Terhadap Jumlah Sel Natural Killer (NK) Sebagai Indikator Kekebalan Tubuh Latihan. J Media Ilmu Keolahragaan Indones. 2015;5(1). doi:10.15294/miki.v5i2.7883.
41. Indriani M. Pengaruh Konsentrasi pH Buffer Giemsa terhadap Morfologi Leukosit pada Preparat Sumsung Tulang. 2017. Available at: http://repository.unimus.ac.id/1214/.
42. Cruvinel WM, Júnior DM, Araújo JAP, et al. Immune System - Part I: Fundamentals of Innate Immunity with Emphasis on Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Response. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2010;50(4):443–461. doi:10.1590/S0482-50042010000400008.
43. Clark R, Kupper T. Old Meets New: The Interaction Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125(4):629–637. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23856.x.
44. Abbas. Sel Dendritik. Wordpress.com. 2012. Available at: https://genome4.wordpress.com/2012/01/26/sel-dendritik/. Accessed June 12, 2020.
45. Ukhrowi U. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Bidara Upas (Merremia mammosa) Terhadap Fagositosis Makrofag dan Produksi Nitrit Oksida (NO) Makrofag Studi pada Mencit Balb/c yang Diinfeksi Salmonella typhimurium. 2011. Available at: http://eprints.undip.ac.id/33870/.
46. Tamam B. Pengertian, Macam, dan Fungsi Sistem Komplemen, Penjelasan Lengkap. Gener Biol. 2017. Available at: https://www.generasibiologi.com/2017/06/pengertian-macam-fungsi-sistem-komplemen.html. Accessed June 14, 2020.
47. Bahar AA, Ren D. Antimicrobial Peptides. Pharmaceuticals. 2013;6:1543–1575. doi:10.3390/ph6121543.
48. Gutsmann T, Muller M, Carroll SF, Mackenzie R, Wiese A, Seydel U. Dual Role of Lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) -Binding Protein in Neutralization of LPS and Enhancement of LPS-Induced Activation of Mononuclear Cells. Am Soc Microbiol. 2001;69(11):6942–6950. doi:10.1128/IAI.69.11.6942.
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How to Cite This
Wina Nurtias, L. Y., Rahma Turista, D. D., & Puspitasari, E. (2020). Human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Jurnal Teknologi Laboratorium, 9(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.29238/teknolabjournal.v9i1.223
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