Abstract

Colors (dyes or pigments) have been applied in many sectors of human life, such as textile industries, food, and medicine, thus becoming a crucial factor that cannot be neglected. The origin of color can be obtained from nature or synthetic sources. Nowadays, synthetic colors are used more often than natural ones. However, the use of synthetic colors needs to be considered as they have the potential to cause health problems and contribute to waste issues. On the other hand, natural color sources are dominated by the plant kingdom, such as mushrooms, which are advantageous for health, more economical, and environmentally friendly. The method used in this review was to explore the literatures that discus dyes or pigments from macro fungi or mushrooms. Furthermore, the dyes or pigments were classified from edible or medicinal mushroom, then dyes or pigments were categorized based on their chemical structure. Mushrooms of various genera and species produce different colors that belong to constituent melanin, terpenoids, carotenoids, quinone, styrylpyrone, azulene, and pteridine. Therefore, natural colors are very promising for application in human health, due to their active compounds potency as anticancer, anti-HIV, antioxidant, and antimicrobial. In addition, pigments containing azulene structures from mushrooms are developed as solar cells and UV protection.

There is no Figure or data content available for this article

References

• Nikfar S, Jaberidoost M. Dyes and colorants. In Encyclopedia of Toxicology: 3rd Ed. 2014. Elsevier.
• Lin L, Xu J. Fungal pigments and their roles associated with human health. J Fungi. 2020; 6(4): 280.
• Venil CK, Velmurugan P, Dufoss L. Fungal Pigments?: Potential coloring compounds for wide ranging applications in textile dyeing. J Fungi. 2020; 6(2): 68.
• Ahmad N, Vunduk J, Klaus A, Dahlan NY, Ghosh S, Muhammad-Sukki F,
• Dufossé L, Bani NA, Wan-Mohtar, WAAQI. Roles of medicinal mushrooms as natural food dyes and dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSC): synergy of zero hunger and affordable energy for sustainable development. Sustainability. 2022; 14(21).
• Shindy HA. Basics in colors, dyes, and pigmnets chemistry: A review. Chemistry International. 2016; 2(1): 29-36.
• Kumar A, Dixit U, Singh K, Prakash SP, Beg MSJ. Structure and properties of dyes and pigments. In Novel Aplication and Waste Treatment. IntechOpen Limited. United Kingdom.
• Fiedziukiewicz M. Mushroom toxins-The Meixner test. 2013. Thesis. The University of New York.
• Niego A, Rapior S, Thongklang N, Raspe O, Jaidee W, Lumyong S, Hyde KD. Macrofungi as a nutraceutical source: Promising bioactive compounds and Market value. J Fungi. 2021; 7(5): 397.
• Zhao RL. Edible and medicinal fungi. J of Fungi. 2023; 9(9): 908.
• Diaz-Muñoz G, Miranda IL, Sartori SK, de Rezende DC, Diaz MAN. Anthraquinones: An Overview. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. 2018; 58, 313–38
• Nosanchuk JD, Stark RE, Casadevall A. Fungal melanin: What do we know about structure? Front Microbiol. 2015; 6: 1463.
• Lopusiewicz L. Scleroderma citrinum melanin: isolation, purification, spectroscopic studies with characterization of antioxidant, antibacterial and light barrier properties. World Scientific News. 2018; 94(2): 115-30.
• Mattoon ER, Cordero RJB, Casadevall A. Fungal melanins and applications in healthcare, bioremediation and industry. J Fungi. 2021; 7(6).
• Wen CB. Extraction, characterization, stability and antioxidative capacity of Agrocycbe aegerita melanin. Acta Edulis Fungi. 2017; 24(3): 57–62. https://www.cabdirect.org/globalhealth/abstract/20173346117.
• Kim WG, Lee IK, Kim JP, Ryoo IJ, Koshino H, Yoo ID. New indole derivatives with free radical scavenging activity from Agrocybe cylindracea. J Nat Prod. 1997; 60(7): 721–723.
• Jiang Z, Kempinski C, Chappell J. Extraction and analysis of terpenes/terpenoids. Curr Protoc Plant Biol. 2016; 1: 345-58.
• Aldred E, Buck C, Vall K. Terpenes. Pharmacology. 2009; 167–174.
• Zeng P, Chen Y, Zhang L, Xing M. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide used for treating physical frailty in China. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. 2019; 163: 179-219.
• El Dine RS, El Halawany AM, Ma CM, Hattori M. Anti-HIV-1 protease activity of lanostane triterpenes from the Vietnamese mushroom Ganoderma colossum. J Nat Prod. 2008; 71(6): 1022–6.
• El Dine RS, El Halawany AM, Ma CM, Hattori M. Inhibition of the dimerization and active site of HIV-1 protease by secondary metabolites from the Vietnamese mushroom Ganoderma colossum. J Nat Prod. 2009; 72(11): 2019-23.
• Martínez-Montemayor MM, Ling T, Suárez-Arroyo IJ, Ortiz-Soto G, Santiago-Negrón CL, Lacourt-Ventura MY, Valentín-Acevedo A, Lang W H, Rivas F. Identification of biologically active Ganoderma lucidum compounds and synthesis of improved derivatives that confer anti-cancer activities in vitro. Front Pharmacol. 2019; 10: 1–17.
• Zhao ZZ, Chen HP, Li ZH, Dong ZJ, Bai X, Zhou ZY, Feng T, Liu JK. Leucocontextins A-R, lanostane-type triterpenoids from Ganoderma leucocontextum. Fitoterapia. 2016; 109: 91–8.
• Jiang M, Wu Z, Liu L, Chen S. The chemistry and biology of fungal meroterpenoids (2009-2019). Org Biomol Chem. 2021; 19(8), 1644–1704.
• Yang X, Qin C, Wang F, Dong Z, Liu J. A new meroterpenoid pigment from the basidiomycete Albatrellus confluens. Chem Biodiver. 2008; 5(3): 484–9.
• Yaqoob A, Li WM, Liu V, Wang C, Mackedenski S, Tackaberry LE, Massicotte HB, Egger KN, Reimer K, Lee CH. Grifolin, neogrifolin and confluentin from the terricolous polypore Albatrellus flettii suppress KRAS expression in human colon cancer cells. Plos One. 2020; 15(5): 1–21.
• Quang DN, Hashimoto T, Arakawa Y, Kohchi C, Nishizawa T, Soma GI, Asakawa Y. Grifolin derivatives from Albatrellus caeruleoporus, new inhibitors of nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006; 14(1): 164–8.
• Pelkonen R, Alfthan G, Jarvinen O. Element concentrations in wild edible mushrooms in Finland. 2008. Helsinki.
• Saini RK, Keum YS. Carotenoid extraction methods: A review of recent developments. Food Chem. 240: 90-103.
• Thorn RG, Banwell A, Pham TH, Vidal NP, Manful CF, Nadeem M, Ivanov AG, Mroz BS, Bonneville MB, Hüner NPA, Piercey-Normore MD, Thomas R. Identification and analyses of the chemical composition of a naturally occurring albino mutant chanterelle. Sci Rep. 2021; 11(1): 1–15.
• Young AJ, Lowe GL. Carotenoids—antioxidant properties. Antioxidants. 2018; 7(2): 10–3.
• Kozarski M, Klaus A, Vunduk J, Zizak Z, Niksic M, Jakovljevic D, Vrvic MM, Van Griensven LJD. Nutraceutical properties of the methanolic extract of edible mushroom Cantharellus cibarius (Fries): primary mechanism. Food and Function. 2015; 6(6): 1875–86.
• Shrestha B, Choi SK, Kim HK, Kim TW, Sung JM. Genetic analysis of pigmentation in Cordyceps militaris. Mycobiology. 2005; 33(3): 125.
• Ashraf SA, Elkhalifa AEO, Siddiqui AJ, Patel M, Awadelkareem AM, Snoussi M, Ashraf MS, Adnan M, Hadi S. Cordycepin for health and wellbeing?: a potent bioactive metabolite of an entomopathogenic. Molecules. 2020; 25(12): 2735.
• Wangchuk K, Wangdi J. Mountain pastoralism in transition: Consequences of legalizing Cordyceps collection on yak farming practices in Bhutan. Pastoralism. 2015; 5(1).
• Guo LX, Hong YH, Zhou QZ, Zhu Q, Xu XM, Wang JH. Fungus-larva relation in the formation of Cordyceps sinensis as revealed by stable carbon isotope analysis. Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1): 1–10.
• Chen BY, Huang HS, Tsai KJ, Wu JL, Chang YT, Chang MC, Lu C, Yang SL, & Huang HS. Protective effect of a water-soluble carotenoid-rich extract of Cordyceps militaris against light-evoked functional vision deterioration in mice. Nutrients. 2022; 14(8).
• J?drejko KJ, Lazur J, Muszy?ska B. Cordyceps militaris: An overview of its chemical constituents in relation to biological activity. Foods. 2021; 10(11).
• Dulo B, Phan K, Githaiga J, Raes k, De Meester S. Natural quinone dyes: A review on structure, extraction techniques, analysis and application potential. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2021; 12: 6339-74.
• Choudhury AKR. Dyeing of synthetic fibres. In Industrial Dyeing Applications of Dyes. 2011. Woodhead Publishing.
• Ziarani GM, Moradi R, Lashgari N, Kruger HG. Anthraquinone dyes. In Metal-Free Synthetic Organic Dyes. 2018. Elsevier
• Wolf FA. Synthesis various products especially pigments by fungi. J Elisha Mitchell Sci Soc. 1973; 89(3): 184-205.
• Bai MS, Wang C, Zong SC, Lei M, Gao JM. Antioxidant polyketide phenolic metabolites from the edible mushroom Cortinarius purpurascens. Food Chem. 2013; 141(4): 3424–7.
• Von Nussbaum F, Spiteller P, Rüth M, Steglich W, Wanner G, Gamblin, B, Stievano L, Wagner FE. An iron(III)-catechol complex as a mushroom pigment. Angew Chem Int. 1998; 37(23): 3292–5.
• Beattie KD, Rouf R, Gander L, May TW, Ratkowsky D, Donner CD, Gill M, Grice ID, Tiralongo E. Antibacterial metabolites from Australian macrofungi from the genus Cortinarius. Phytochemistry. 2010; 71(8-9): 948–55.
• Gill M. New pigments of Cortinarius Fr . and Dermocybe ( Fr .) Wünsche (Agaricales ) from Australia and New Zealand. 1995a, 73–87.
• Gil M. Pigments of australasian dermocybe toadstools. Aust J Chem. 1995b; 48(1): 1–26.
• Gill M, Morgan PM. New fungal anthraquinones. Arkivoc. 2001; 7: 145–156.
• Beattie K, Elsworth C, Gill M, Milanovic NM, Prima-Putra D, Raudies E. Austrocolorins A1 and B1: Atropisomeric 10,10?-linked dihydroanthracenones from an Australian Dermocybe sp. Phytochemistry. 2004; 65(8): 1033–8.
• Levasseur A, Lomascolo A, Chabrol O, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Boukhris-Uzan E, Piumi F, Kües U, Ram AFJ, Murat C, Haon M, Benoit I, Arfi Y, Chevret D, Drula E, Kwon MJ, Gouret P, Lesage-Meessen L, Lombard V, Mariette J, Noirot C, Park J, Patyshakuliyeva A, Sigoillot JC, Wiebenga A, Wosten H AB, Marton F, Coutinho PM, De Vries RP, Maerinez AT, Klopp C, Pontarotti P, Henrissat B, Record E. The genome of the white-rot fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus: A basidiomycete model with a versatile arsenal for lignocellulosic biomass breakdown. BMC Genomics. 2014; 15(1): 1–24.
• Lomascolo A, Uzan-Boukhris E, Herpoël-Gimbert I, Sigoillot JC, Lesage-Meessen L. Peculiarities of Pycnoporus species for applications in biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011; 92(6): 1129–49.
• Smânia A, Marques CJS, Smânia EFA, Zanetti CR, Carobrez SG, Tramonte R, Loguercio-Leite C. Toxicity and antiviral activity of cinnabarin obtained from Pycnoporus sanguineus (Fr.) Murr. Phytother Res. 2003; 17(9): 1069–72.
• Zhang RQ, Feng XL, Wang ZX, Xie TC, Duan Y, Liu C, Gao JM, Qi J. Genomic and metabolomic analyses of the medicinal fungus Inonotus hispidus for its metabolite's biosynthesis and medicinal application. 2022; 8(12): 1245.
• Ali EM, Jansen R, Pilgrim H, Liberra K, Lindequist U. Hispolon, a yellow pigment from Inonotus hispidus. Phytochemistry. 1996; 41(3): 927–9.
• Lee IK, Yun BS. Styrylpyrone-class compounds from medicinal fungi Phellinus and Inonotus spp., and their medicinal importance. Journal of Antibiotics. 2011; 64(5): 349–59.
• Shoji T, Ito S. The preparation and properties of heteroarylazulenes and heterofused azulenes. Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry. 2018; 126: 1-54.
• Tala MF, Qin J, Ndongo JT, Laatsch H. New azulene-type sesquiterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Lactarius deliciosus. Nat Prod Bioprospect. 2017; 7(3): 269–273.
• Patino LPC, Manfredi RQ, Perez M, Garcia M, Blustein G, Cordeiro R, Schejter L, Palermo JA. Isolation and antifouling activity of azulene derivatives from the antartic Gorgonian Acanthogorgia laxa. Chem Biodivers. 2018. 15(1).
• Policelli N, Horton TR, Hudon AT, Patterson TR, Bhatnagar JM. Back to roots: The role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in boreal and temperate forest restoration. Front For Glob Change. 2020; 3.
• Bakun P, Czarczynska-Goslinska B, Goslinski T, Lijewski S. In vitro and in vivo biological activities of azulene derivatives with potential applications in medicine. Med Chem Res. 2021; 30(4): 834–46.
• Peet J, Selyutina A, Bredihhin A. Antiretroviral (HIV-1) activity of azulene derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem. 2016; 24(8): 1653-57.
• Spiteller P, Arnold N, Spiteller M, Steglich W. Lilacinone, a red aminobenzoquinone pigment from Lactarius lilacinus. J Nat Prod. 2003; 66(10): 1402–3.
• Fischer M, Thony B, Leimkuhler S. The biosynthesis of folate and pterins and their enzymology. Chemistry, Molecular Sciences, and Chemical Engineering. 2010; 7: 599-648
• Gimenez-Campillo C, Pastor-Belda M, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Campillo N, Val Oliver BD, Zarauz-Garcia J, Saenz L, Vinas P. Dilute and shoot liquid chromtography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry for pteridine profilling in human urine and its association with different pathologies. Chemosensors. 2023; 11(6): 324.
• Buglak AA, Kapitonova MA, Vechtomova YL, Telegina TA. Insights into molecular structure of pterins suitable for biomedical applications. Int J Mol Sci. 2022; 23(23): 15222
• Siewert B. Does the chemistry of fungal pigments demand the existence of photoactivated defense strategies in basidiomycetes? Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2021; 20(4): 475–88.
• Carmona-Martinez V, Ruiz-Alcraz AJ, Vera M, Guirado A, Martinez-Esparza M. Therapeutic potential of pteridine derivatives: A comprehensive review. Med Res Rev. 2018: 1-56.
• Iten PX, Märki?Danzig H, Koch H, Eugster CH. Isolierung und struktur von pteridinen (Lumazinen) aus Russula sp. (Täublinge; Basidiomycetes). Helv Chim Acta. 1984; 67(2): 550–69.
• Gluchoff K. 1969. Etude chimiotaxinomique des pigments des Russules. PhD. Thesis, Faculter des Sciences, University de Lyon.
• Daniels BJ, Li FF, Furkert DP, Brimble MA. Naturally Occurring Lumazines. J Nat Prod. 2019; 82(7): 2054–65
• Clericuzio M, Gilardoni G, Malagon O, Vidari G, Finzi PV. Sesquiterpenes of Lactarius and Russula (Mushrooms): An update. Nat Pro Commun. 2014; 3(6): 951-74.
• Sontag B, Rüth M, Spiteller P, Arnold N, Steglich W, Reichert M, Bringmann G. Chromogenic meroterpenoids from the mushrooms Russula ochroleuca and R. viscida. Eur J Org Chem. 2006; 1(4): 1023–33.

There is no Supplemental content for this article.

How to Cite This

Article Metrics

Copyright and Permissions

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Publishing your paper with Jurnal Teknologi Laboratorium (JTL) means that the author or authors retain the copyright in the paper. JTL granted an exclusive reuse license by the author(s), but the author(s) are able to put the paper onto a website, distribute it to colleagues, give it to students, use it in your thesis etc, even commercially. The author(s) can reuse the figures and tables and other information contained in their paper published by JTL in future papers or work without having to ask anyone for permission, provided that the figures, tables or other information that is included in the new paper or work properly references the published paper as the source of the figures, tables or other information, and the new paper or work is not direct at private monetary gain or commercial advantage.

JTL journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets others remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.

JTL journal Open Access articles are distributed under this Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA). Articles can be read and shared for All purposes under the following conditions:

• BY: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
• SA:  If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.

Data Availability