Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to impaired insulin activity. One therapeutic strategy to manage postprandial hyperglycemia is the inhibition of the ?-glucosidase enzyme, which plays a key role in carbohydrate digestion. This literature review aimed to identify Indonesian medicinal plants with potential ?-glucosidase inhibitory activity based on in vitro studies. Articles were systematically retrieved from Google Scholar using specific keywords, covering publications from the last ten years (2014–2024) in English or Indonesian and accessible in full text. Inclusion criteria focused on studies evaluating in vitro ?-glucosidase inhibition from Indonesian plant extracts; non-Indonesian or non-in vitro studies were excluded. Of the 200 screened articles, 34 met the criteria. Most studies employed spectrophotometric colorimetric assays using p-nitrophenyl-?-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) as the substrate to assess inhibitory activity. In total, 40 plant species were identified as having ?-glucosidase inhibitory potential, with active compounds primarily including flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. The most commonly observed mechanism was competitive inhibition, wherein active compounds, especially flavonoids, blocked carbohydrate hydrolysis and reduced glucose absorption. Some studies also reported mixed and non-competitive inhibition through allosteric binding or conformational changes in the enzyme. This review supports the potential of various Indonesian medicinal plants as sources of natural ?-glucosidase inhibitors, highlighting their relevance for the development of safer, plant-based antidiabetic therapies.

There is no Figure or data content available for this article

References

• 1. Dirir AM, Daou M, Yousef AF, Yousef LF. A review of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from plants as potential candidates for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Phytochem Rev. 2022;21(4):1049–1079. doi:10.1007/s11101-021-09773-1.
• 2. Azzahra A, Farhani N, Syahfitri W, Pasaribu SF, Kesehatan Masyarakat I, Kesehatan Masyarakat F, et al. Potensi kandungan flavonoid dalam kayu bajakah sebagai antidiabetes.
• 3. Soeatmadji DW, Rosandi R, Saraswati MR, Sibarani RP, Tarigan WO. Clinicodemographic profile and outcomes of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Indonesian cohort of DISCOVER: A 3-year prospective cohort study. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc. 2023;38(1):68–74. doi:10.15605/jafes.038.01.10.
• 4. Lu H, Xie T, Wu Q, Hu Z, Luo Y, Luo F. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory peptides: sources, preparations, identifications, and action mechanisms. Nutrients. 2023;15(19). doi:10.3390/nu15194267.
• 5. Golalipour E, Hosseininasab D, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Rasaei N, Bahari H, Hajmir MM, et al. The effect of acarbose treatment on anthropometric indices in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Nutr Open Sci. 2024;56:166–191. doi:10.1016/j.nutos.2024.06.004.
• 6. Sampepana E, Saputra H, Balai Riset dan Standardisasi Industri Samarinda. Karakteristik tanaman akar bajakah (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) dari Loakulu Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara. 2020;14(2).
• 7. Prasetiyo A. The inhibition of ?-glucosidase enzyme activity from standardized ethanol extract of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik leaves. J Ilmu Kefarmasian Indones. 2023;21(2).
• 8. Mugiyanto E, Cahyanta AN, Putra IMA, Setyahadi S, Simanjuntak P. Identifying active compounds of soursop ethanolic fraction as ?-glucosidase inhibitor. Pharmaciana. 2019;9(2):191–198. doi:10.12928/pharmaciana.v9i2.10105.
• 9. Ningsih S, Juniarti F, Rosidah I, Fajriawan AA, Agustini K, Rosmalawati S, et al. Study of the effect of Lampeni (Ardisia humilis Vahl.) planting condition toward the alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity in vitro. Pharmacogn J. 2020;12(2):377–385. doi:10.5530/pj.2020.12.59.
• 10. Rosa D, Elya B, Hanafi M, Khatib A, Halim Y, Surya MI. The analysis of Artabotrys hexapetalus stem bark and leaf ethanol extract as ?-glucosidase inhibitor in relation to antioxidant activity, phenolic, and flavonoid contents using in vitro analysis, LC-MS, machine learning, and molecular docking. 2023. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2883919/v1.
• 11. Rante H, Alam G, Irwan M. ?-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of breadfruit leaf extract (Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg). J Phys Conf Ser. 2019;1341(7). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1341/7/072015.
• 12. Wibowo S, Wardhani SK, Hidayati L, Wijayanti N, Matsuo K, Costa J, et al. Investigation of ?-glucosidase and ?-amylase inhibition for antidiabetic potential of agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) leaves extract. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2024;58. doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103152.
• 13. Fatikhurokhmah HM, Agustini R, Kimia J, Matematika F, Ilmu D, Alam P. Concentration effect of Brotowali stem (Tinospora crispa (L.)) in ethanol extracts on the ?-glucosidase enzyme inhibition. Indones J Chem Sci. 2022;11(3).
• 14. Robbani S, Elya B, Iswandana R. Alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV inhibitory activities of ethanol extract from Caesalpinia sappan, Andrographis paniculata, and Syzygium cumini. Pharmacogn J. 2022;14(3):702–709. doi:10.5530/pj.2022.14.89.
• 15. Artanti N, Dewijanti ID, Muzdalifah D, Windarsih A, Suratno S, Handayani S. Alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of combination of Caesalpinia sappan L. and Garcinia mangostana extract. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2023;13(5):189–198. doi:10.7324/JAPS.2023.117478.
• 16. Nurcholis W, Munshif AA, Ambarsari L. Xanthorrhizol contents, ?-glucosidase inhibition, and cytotoxic activities in ethyl acetate fraction of Curcuma zanthorrhiza accessions from Indonesia. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2018;28(1):44–49. doi:10.1016/j.bjp.2017.11.001.
• 17. Zumaidar Z, Asmilia N, Saudah S, Husnah M. In vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibitory effect of Etlingera elatior ethanol extract growing in Gayo Highland, Aceh Province, Indonesia. F1000Res. 2024;13:489. doi:10.12688/f1000research.149029.1.
• 18. Rijai AJ, Fidrianny I, Sukrasno S. Phytochemical and screening of ?-glucosidase and ?-amylase inhibitory activities of five Litsea plants from East Borneo, Indonesia. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2023;7(8):3666–3670. doi:10.26538/tjnpr/v7i8.15.
• 19. Hartini YS, Setyaningsih D. ?-Amylase and ?-glucosidase inhibitory effects of four Piper species and GC-MS analysis of Piper crocatum. Biodiversitas. 2023;24(2):1313–1319. doi:10.13057/biodiv/d240274.
• 20. Mahayasih PGMW, Elya B, Hanafi M. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Garcinia lateriflora Blume leaves. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2017;7(10):100–104. doi:10.7324/JAPS.2017.71014.
• 21. Herlina H, Elfita E, Saleh I, Mardiyanto M. Testing the inhibition activity of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme of melinjo leaf (Gnetum gnemon L.) extract and fractions in vitro. 2024. doi:10.4108/eai.3-11-2023.2347958
• 22. Haryoto A, Arnida AV, Indrayudha P, Muflihah CH, Yen KH. Inhibitory activity of enzyme ?-glucosidase ethanol extract combination of Mareme plant (Glochidion arborescens (Müll. Arg.) Boerl.) and leaves of the Sala plant (Cynometra ramiflora Linn). J Angiother. 2023;7(1). doi:10.25163/angiotherapy.719344
• 23. Trinovani E, Prawira-Atmaja MI, Kusmiyati M, Shabri S, Maulana H. Evaluation of antioxidant and ?-glucosidase inhibitory activity of green tea powder from Indonesia tea cultivars. Beverages. 2020;0(0):1–9. doi:10.48130/bpr-0024-0036
• 24. Vonia S, Hartati R, Insanu M. In vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and the isolation of luteolin from the flower of Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile Sch. Bip ex Walp). Molecules. 2022;14(2):738–754. doi:10.3390/molecules
• 25. Gondokesumo ME, Kusuma HSW, Widowati W. ?-/?-Glucosidase and ?-amylase inhibitory activities of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) ethanol extract. Mol Cell Biomed Sci. 2017;1(1):34. doi:10.21705/mcbs.v1i1.3
• 26. Sulistiyani, Safithri M, Sari YP. Inhibition of ?-glucosidase activity by ethanolic extract of Melia azedarach L. leaves. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2016;31(1). doi:10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012025
• 27. Muthi’atul Af-Idah B, Hanafi M, Elya B. Antioxidant and alpha-glucosidase inhibitor screening of Merremia peltata L. as potential traditional treatment for diabetes mellitus. Pharmacogn J. 2021;13(4):902–908. doi:10.5530/pj.2021.13.116
• 28. Natsir H, Wahab AW, Laga A, Arif AR. Inhibitory activities of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against ?-glucosidase enzyme in vitro. J Phys Conf Ser. 2018;979(1). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/979/1/012019
• 29. Riyanti S, Dewi PS, Windyaswari AS, Azizah SAN. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Bungur (Lagerstroemia loudonii Teijsm. & Binn.) leaves and fruits. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2020;462(1). doi:10.1088/1755-1315/462/1/012042
• 30. Teruna HY, Hendra R, Almurdani M. ?-Glucosidase inhibitory activities of Loranthus ferrugineus and Peperomia pellucida extracts. Pharm Educ. 2022;22(2):5–8. doi:10.46542/pe.2022.222.58
• 31. Palembang-Prabumulih Km J, Ilir Sumatera Selatan O. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory test and total phenolic content of ethanol extract of Parkia speciosa plant. Sci Technol Indones. 2019;4(1). doi:11.26554/sti.2219.4.1.1-4
• 32. Styani E, Irawan C, Putri I, Sukiman M. Phytochemical and anti-diabetic activity studies of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of Matoa (Pometia pinnata) fruit peel using alpha-glucosidase enzyme.
• 33. Irawan C, Tambunan JA, Rachmy S, Putri ID, Rosalina, Suhartini. Phytochemical analysis of red betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) stem extracts and its antioxidant and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory potentials. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2024;8(4):7042–7048. doi:10.26538/tjnpr/v8i4.42
• 34. Puspitasari YE, Tuenter E, Breynaert A, Foubert K, Herawati H, Hariati AM, et al. ?-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of tea and kombucha from Rhizophora mucronata leaves. Beverages. 2024;10(1). doi:10.3390/beverages10010022
• 35. Yumna M, Angelina, Abdullah, Arbianti R, Utami TS, Hermansyah H. Effect of mother-in-law’s tongue leaves (Sansevieria trifasciata) extract’s solvent polarity on anti-diabetic activity through in vitro ?-glucosidase enzyme inhibition test. E3S Web Conf. 2018;67. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20186703003
• 36. Husni A, Pratiwi T, Samudra AG, Nugroho AE. In vitro antidiabetic activity of Sargassum hystrix and Eucheuma denticulatum from Yogyakarta beach of Indonesia.
• 37. Hendra R, Army MK, Frimayanti N, Teruna HY, Abdulah R, Nugraha AS. ?-Glucosidase and ?-amylase inhibitory activity of flavonols from Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f.) Bedd. Saudi Pharm J. 2024;32(2). doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101940
• 38. Firdaus M, Prihanto AA. ?-Amylase and ?-glucosidase inhibition by brown seaweed (Sargassum sp) extracts. http://rjls.ub.ac.id
• 39. Wresdiyati T, Sa’diah SI, Winarto AD, Febriyani V. Alpha-glucosidase inhibition and hypoglycemic activities of Sweitenia mahagoni seed extract. Hayati J Biosci. 2015;22(2):73–78. doi:10.4308/hjb.22.2.73
• 40. Purnomo Y, Makdasari J, Fatahillah FI. Inhibitory activity of Urena lobata leaf extract on alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase: in vitro and in silico approach. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2021;32(4):889–894. doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0430
• 41. Lam TP, Tran NVN, Pham LHD, Lai NVT, Dang BTN, Truong NLN, et al. Flavonoids as dual-target inhibitors against ?-glucosidase and ?-amylase: a systematic review of in vitro studies. Nat Prod Bioprospect. 2024;14(1). doi:10.1007/s13659-023-00424-w
• 42. Ramadaini T, Sumiwi SA, Febrina E. The anti-diabetic effects of medicinal plants belonging to the Liliaceae family: potential alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2024;18:3595–3616. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S464100
• 43. Nguyen HT, Truong VA, Tran PH. Preparation of polysubstituted imidazoles using AC-SO3H/[Urea]7[ZnCl2]2 as an efficient catalyst system: a novel method, and ?-glucosidase inhibitor activity. RSC Adv. 2023;13(18):12455–12463. doi:10.1039/d3ra00755c
• 44. Oswari LD. Uji aktivitas penghambatan enzim ?-glucosidase ekstrak air dan ekstrak etanol kayu kuning (Arcangelisia flava). J Kedokt Kesehat. 2021;8(1). doi:10.32539/JKK.V8I1.13118
• 45. Ngamwonglumlert L, Devahastin S, Chiewchan N. Natural colorants: pigment stability and extraction yield enhancement via utilization of appropriate pretreatment and extraction methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(15):3243–3259. doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1109498
• 46. Devgun M, Nanda A, Ansari HS. Comparison of conventional and non-conventional methods of extraction of heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. [belum lengkap, perlu cari jurnal/volume/halaman]
• 47. Khoerunniyssa S, Raharjo D, Ardiyantoro B. Optimasi metode microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) untuk menentukan kadar flavonoid total ekstrak etanol kulit pisang kepok (Musa paradisiaca L.). OBAT J Riset Ilmu Farmasi Kesehat. 2024;2(6):133–160. doi:10.61132/obat.v2i6.814
• 48. Munggari IP, Kurnia D, Deawati Y, Julaeha E. Current research of phytochemical, medicinal and non-medicinal uses of Uncaria gambir Roxb.: a review. Molecules. 2022;27(19). doi:10.3390/molecules27196551
• 49. Ridho FM, Artikel R. Mechanism of alkaloids and flavonoids in Bajakah (Uncaria nervosa Elmer) as antidiabetic agents. J Ilmu Medis Indones. 2023;3(1):9–16. doi:10.35912/jimi.v3i1.2296

How to Cite This

Article Metrics

Download Statistics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Other Statistics

Copyright and Permissions

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Publishing your paper with Jurnal Teknologi Laboratorium (JTL) means that the author or authors retain the copyright in the paper. JTL granted an exclusive reuse license by the author(s), but the author(s) are able to put the paper onto a website, distribute it to colleagues, give it to students, use it in your thesis etc, even commercially. The author(s) can reuse the figures and tables and other information contained in their paper published by JTL in future papers or work without having to ask anyone for permission, provided that the figures, tables or other information that is included in the new paper or work properly references the published paper as the source of the figures, tables or other information, and the new paper or work is not direct at private monetary gain or commercial advantage.

JTL journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets others remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.

JTL journal Open Access articles are distributed under this Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA). Articles can be read and shared for All purposes under the following conditions:

• BY: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
• SA:  If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.

Data Availability