Abstract

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces oxidative stress and inflammation in the skin, accelerating the aging process and harming cells. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a crucial antioxidant enzyme that safeguards cells from reactive oxygen species. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a crucial pro-inflammatory cytokine that induces skin inflammation during exposure to UVB radiation. Lycopene, a potent antioxidant prevalent in tomatoes, has demonstrated efficacy in safeguarding against oxidative damage. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of topical tomato extract emulgel against UVB-induced skin damage in mice by assessing the expression levels of SOD and TNF-alpha. The mice were divided into four groups: a normal control group, a control group exposed to UVB, and two treatment groups that received UVB exposure along with 10% and 20% tomato extract emulgel, respectively. Following UVB irradiation, the emulgel formulations were applied topically once daily for five consecutive days. Subsequently, skin samples were collected and analyzed for SOD and TNF-alpha expression via immunohistochemical methods. The tomato extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 17.36 µg/mL. The topical application of a 10% tomato extract emulgel significantly increased SOD expression compared to the UVB-exposed control group (p < 0.05). No significant differences in TNF-alpha expression were seen among the experimental groups. The results indicate that the application of tomato extract emulgel to the skin, particularly at a 10% concentration, enhances the skin's antioxidant defense by increasing SOD expression. However, its effectiveness in reducing the inflammatory response induced by TNF-alpha was not evident within the scope of this study.

There is no Figure or data content available for this article

References

• 1. Putranti IO, Sistina Y. Tinjauan Pustaka: Fotobiologi Ultraviolet Pada Jaringan Kulit. Mandala Of Health. 2023;16(1):33. doi:10.20884/1.mandala.2023.16.1.8379
• 2. Widowati W, Jasaputra DK, Sumitro SB, et al. Direct and Indirect Effect of TNFα and IFNγ Toward Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells. Molecular and Cellular Biomedical Sciences. 2018;2(2):60. doi:10.21705/mcbs.v2i2.21
• 3. Pratiwi S, Husni Program Studi Profesi Apoteker Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Padjadjaran Jl Raya Bandung Sumedang km P. Farmaka Artikel Tinjauan: Potensi Penggunaan Fitokonstituen Tanaman Indonesia Sebagai Bahan Aktif Tabir Surya.
• 4. D’Orazio J, Jarrett S, Amaro-Ortiz A, Scott T. UV radiation and the skin. Int J Mol Sci.MDPI AG. 2013;14(6):12222-12248. doi:10.3390/ijms140612222
• 5. Tang X, Yang T, Yu D, Xiong H, Zhang S. Current insights and future perspectives of ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure: Friends and foes to the skin and beyond the skin. Environ Int.Elsevier Ltd. 2024;185. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2024.108535
• 6. Limanto A, Simamora A, Santoso AW, Timotius KH. Antioxidant, α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity and Molecular Docking Study of Gallic Acid, Quercetin and Rutin: A Comparative Study. Molecular and Cellular Biomedical Sciences. 2019;3(2):67. doi:10.21705/mcbs.v3i2.60
• 7. Hadi AS. KHASIAT BUAH TOMAT (Solanum lycopersicum) BERPOTENSI SEBAGAI OBAT BERBAGAI JENIS PENYAKIT. Empiris: Journal of Progressive Science and Mathematics. 2023;1(1):7-15. doi:10.59698/empiris.v1i1.36
• 8. Wahdaningsih S, Wahyuono S, Riyanto S, Murwanti R. Lymphocyte Proliferation and Nitric Oxide-Producing Activities of Lupeol Isolated From Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Extract. Molecular and Cellular Biomedical Sciences. 2021;5(1):8. doi:10.21705/mcbs.v5i1.166
• 9. Hidayah H, Mentari M, Warsito AMP, Dinanti D. Review Article : Potensi Aktivitas Antioksidan Dari Berbagai Tanaman Untuk Tabir Surya. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences. 2023;6(2):409-415. doi:10.36490/journal-jps.com.v6i2.119
• 10. Sohail M, Naveed A, Abdul R, Gulfishan, Muhammad Shoaib Khan H, Khan H. An approach to enhanced stability: Formulation and characterization of Solanum lycopersicum derived lycopene based topical emulgel. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2018;26(8):1170-1177. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2018.07.005
• 11. Milutinov J, Krstonošić V, Ćirin D, Pavlović N. Emulgels: Promising Carrier Systems for Food Ingredients and Drugs. Polymers (Basel). 2023;15(10):2302. doi:10.3390/polym15102302
• 12. Kontaxi NI, Panoutsopoulou E, Ofrydopolou A, Tsoupras A. Anti-Inflammatory Benefits of Grape Pomace and Tomato Bioactives as Ingredients in Sun Oils against UV Radiation for Skin Protection. Applied Sciences (Switzerland).Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). 2024;14(14). doi:10.3390/app14146236
• 13. Andleeb M, Shoaib Khan HM, Daniyal M. Development, Characterization and Stability Evaluation of Topical Gel Loaded With Ethosomes Containing Achillea millefolium L. Extract. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.603227
• 14. Superoksida Dismutase (Sod) Sebagai Prekusor Antioksidan Endogen Pada Stress Oksidatif.
• 15. Kumari S, Goyal A, Garg M. Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Update on Tetraterpenoids. Nat Prod J. 2020;11(5):617-628. doi:10.2174/2210315510999200806154609
• 16. Marsillam Siregar T, Jurusan Teknologi Pangan S, Sains dan Teknologi Universitas Pelita Harapan Jl UPH Tower F, Karawaci L. Studi Aktivitas Antioksidan Pada Tomat (Lycopersicon Esculentum) Konvensional Dan Organik Selama Penyimpanan.
• 17. Wei M, He X, Liu N, Deng H. Role of reactive oxygen species in ultraviolet-induced photodamage of the skin. Cell Div.BioMed Central Ltd. 2024;19(1). doi:10.1186/s13008-024-00107-z
• 18. Son J, Bailey JT, Worrell S, Glick AB. IRE1α regulates ROS and immune responses after UVB irradiation. Redox Experimental Medicine. 2024;2024(1). doi:10.1530/REM-23-0030
• 19. Markiewicz E, Ruth N, Mammone T, Idowu OC. Investigating the dual functions of butylated hydroxytoluene, vitamin E and vitamin C as antioxidants and anti‐glycation agents in vitro: Implications for skin health. Int J Cosmet Sci. Published online June 9, 2025. doi:10.1111/ics.13079
• 20. Tyuryaeva I, Lyublinskaya O. Expected and Unexpected Effects of Pharmacological Antioxidants. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(11):9303. doi:10.3390/ijms24119303
• 21. Garg T, Rath G, Goyal AK. Comprehensive review on additives of topical dosage forms for drug delivery. Drug Deliv. 2015;22(8):969-987. doi:10.3109/10717544.2013.879355
• 22. Yu YQ, Yang X, Wu XF, Fan Y Bin. Enhancing Permeation of Drug Molecules Across the Skin via Delivery in Nanocarriers: Novel Strategies for Effective Transdermal Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol.Frontiers Media S.A. 2021;9. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.646554
• 23. Bakhrushina EO, Shumkova MM, Avdonina Y V., et al. Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Methods for Enhancing Skin Permeability and Their Evaluation. Pharmaceutics.Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). 2025;17(7). doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17070936
• 24. Neubert RHH. Mechanisms of penetration and diffusion of drugs and cosmetic actives across the human Stratum corneum. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2024;202:114394. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114394
• 25. Manian M, Jain P, Vora D, Banga AK. Formulation and Evaluation of the In Vitro Performance of Topical Dermatological Products Containing Diclofenac Sodium. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(9). doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14091892
• 26. Musakhanian J, Osborne DW, Rodier JD. Skin Penetration and Permeation Properties of Transcutol® in Complex Formulations. AAPS PharmSciTech.Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. 2024;25(7). doi:10.1208/s12249-024-02886-8
• 27. Zhang L, Dong Z, Liu W, et al. Novel Pharmaceutical Strategies for Enhancing Skin Penetration of Biomacromolecules. Pharmaceuticals.MDPI. 2022;15(7). doi:10.3390/ph15070877
• 28. Pachauri A, Chitme H, Visht S, et al. Permeability-Enhanced Liposomal Emulgel Formulation of 5-Fluorouracil for the Treatment of Skin Cancer. Gels. 2023;9(3). doi:10.3390/gels9030209
• 29. Alnaim AS. Nanocrystals in Dermal Drug Delivery: A Breakthrough for Enhanced Skin Penetration and Targeted Skin Disorder Treatments. Pharmaceutics.Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). 2024;16(12). doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics16121561
• 30. Malavi S, Kumbhar P, Manjappa A, et al. Topical Emulgel: Basic Considerations in Development and Advanced Research. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2022;84(5). doi:10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.1005
• 31. Wohlrab J, Eichner A. Supersaturation as a Galenic Concept for Improving the Cutaneous Bioavailability of Drugs in Topical Therapy. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb).Adis. 2023;13(2):391-398. doi:10.1007/s13555-022-00873-0
• 32. Story EN, Kopec RE, Schwartz SJ, Harris GK. An Update on the Health Effects of Tomato Lycopene. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2010;1(1):189-210. doi:10.1146/annurev.food.102308.124120
• 33. Milutinov J, Krstonošić V, Ćirin D, Pavlović N. Emulgels: Promising Carrier Systems for Food Ingredients and Drugs. Polymers (Basel). 2023;15(10):2302. doi:10.3390/polym15102302
• 34. Jang D in, Lee AH, Shin HY, et al. The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) in Autoimmune Disease and Current TNF-α Inhibitors in Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(5):2719. doi:10.3390/ijms22052719
• 35. Wajant H, Siegmund D. TNFR1 and TNFR2 in the Control of the Life and Death Balance of Macrophages. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2019;7. doi:10.3389/fcell.2019.00091
• 36. Hussaana A, Suparmi -, Murti HA. Protective Effect of Bixin Isolated from Bixa orellana L. Seeds on UVB-Induced Inflammation and Immunosuppression of the Skin. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science. 2018;18(1):107-111. doi:10.3329/bjms.v18i1.39559
• 37. Ngoc LTN, Tran V Van, Moon JY, Chae M, Park D, Lee YC. Recent Trends of Sunscreen Cosmetic: An Update Review. Cosmetics. 2019;6(4):64. doi:10.3390/cosmetics6040064
• 38. Rosa AC, Corsi D, Cavi N, Bruni N, Dosio F. Superoxide Dismutase Administration: A Review of Proposed Human Uses. Molecules. 2021;26(7):1844. doi:10.3390/molecules26071844
• 39. Skopelja-Gardner S, An J, Tai J, et al. The early local and systemic Type I interferon responses to ultraviolet B light exposure are cGAS dependent. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64865-w
• 40. Vind AC, Wu Z, Firdaus MJ, et al. The ribotoxic stress response drives acute inflammation, cell death, and epidermal thickening in UV-irradiated skin in vivo. Mol Cell. 2024;84(24):4774-4789.e9. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2024.10.044
• 41. Ko MJ, Lim CY. General considerations for sample size estimation in animal study. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2021;74(1):23-29. doi:10.4097/kja.20662
• 42. Piper SK, Zocholl D, Toelch U, et al. Statistical review of animal trials—A guideline. Biometrical Journal. 2023;65(2). doi:10.1002/bimj.202200061

How to Cite This

Article Metrics

Download Statistics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Other Statistics

Copyright and Permissions

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Publishing your paper with Jurnal Teknologi Laboratorium (JTL) means that the author or authors retain the copyright in the paper. JTL granted an exclusive reuse license by the author(s), but the author(s) are able to put the paper onto a website, distribute it to colleagues, give it to students, use it in your thesis etc, even commercially. The author(s) can reuse the figures and tables and other information contained in their paper published by JTL in future papers or work without having to ask anyone for permission, provided that the figures, tables or other information that is included in the new paper or work properly references the published paper as the source of the figures, tables or other information, and the new paper or work is not direct at private monetary gain or commercial advantage.

JTL journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license lets others remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.

JTL journal Open Access articles are distributed under this Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA). Articles can be read and shared for All purposes under the following conditions:

• BY: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
• SA:  If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.

Data Availability